In this, and the other articles in this series, we have outlined ways to increase employee effectiveness through improved management practices. As a consultant friend of mine once said, "management is cause, all else is effect." While we may not like to admit it, she's more than a little right. Many issues that seem to be cause by employees actually stem from a reaction to management and/or organizational practices and policies. In this series we have discussed the first three ways to increase productivity: how to define and deliver clear objectives, remove roadblocks and train employees. The fourth way to increase performance is through motivation.